2.3 TARIHIN KWAMFUTA
Kwamfuta kamar yadda muka san ta a yau, mun sani cewa tun ƙarni na 19th Shehin Malamin Ilimin Turanci da Lissafi mai suna Charles Babbage ya tsara ta ta hanyar (analytical) inji kuma wannan tsari na asali shi ne tsarin da aka yi wa kwamfuta wanda yake yau da su ne ake amfani.
A duniyar fasaha ta kwamfuta a yau, maganar kwamfuta ta zama wani nau'i ne a cikin ƙarni guda biyar. Kowane daga ciki ya kan ɗauki tsawon wani lokaci kafin zuwan sa. Wani lokaci ya kan fito da wata sabuwar ɗabi’a da kuma tsarin inganta ita kwamfutar ko kyautata bayanai waɗanda zasu ƙasance a cikin kwamfuta.
2.4 ƘARNONIN KWAMFUTA GUDA BIYAR
Tarihin cigaba a harkar kwamfuta ya ƙunshi wasu hujjuji da aka samu daga ƙarnoni daban-daban da suka gabata na sarrafa kwamfuta. Ko wane daga cikin ƙarnin da ya shuɗe, ana samun canje-canje da kuma ƙara samun sauƙi da cigaba a wajen gudanar da aikin kwamfuta. Ana kuma ƙara samun kyakkyawan sakamako wajen gudanar da aikin ta, da kuma ƙara mata karamci da inganci, saɓanin ƙarnin dake bi masa. Kwamfuta na ƙara sauƙaƙa wajen saya. Sannan kuma ana ƙara mata ƙarfi da kuma ƙarin nagarta da sarrafa kwamfuta a matsayin abin dogaro.
A cikin wannan littafi, zamu koyi waɗannan ƙarnonin na kwamfuta guda biyar ɗaya bayan ɗaya, zamu kuma yi gamsasshen bayani game da ƙarni na shida na kwamfuta.
Tafiyarmu ta fara ne a shekarar 1940 da (vacuum tube circuitry) har zuwa wani lokaci mai nisa na wucin gadi na (intelligence). 
2.4.0 Ƙarni na farko ya fara daga shekarar 1940 zuwa 1956 an yi amfani da (Vacuum Tubes)
Kwamfutucin farko sun yi amfani da (vacuum tubes) don rawaye (gangar magnetic) na ƙwaƙwalwa inda ya shafi        ɗaukar manyan ɗakuna.
Kwamfutucin suna da tsada sosai, sannan suna da wahalar aiki, bugu da ƙari suna amfani da wuta mai yawan gaske. Kwamfutocin ƙarni na farko suna ɗaukar zafi mai yawa wanda sau da yawa ya kan zama sanadiyar yin aiki ba daidai ba.
Kwamfutar ƙarni na farko, ta dogara ne ga yarenta na mashin (machine language) tana da ƙarancin fahimtar shirye -shiryen da aka ɗora ta a kai don ta gudanar. Sannan kuma iyakacinsu su iya wanye matsala ɗaya kacal, a lokaci guda. Shigarwa (Input) yana akan tushen (punched cards) da kuma (paper tape) shi kuma Fitarwa (Output) sai an yi firintin (taɓ’i) sannan a ke iya ganin aikin da aka fitar.
Kwamfutar INIVAC da ENIAC su ne misalan kwamfutar ƙarni na farko. UNIVAC su ne suka zama na farko waɗanda suka tsirar da kasuwancin kwamfuta ga abokan ciniki a ofishin U.S. Census Bureau a shekarar 1951. 
2.4.1 Ƙarni na biyu ya fara daga shekarar 1956 zuwa 1963 an yi amfani da (Transistors)
Taransisto ya zama madadin (vacuum tubes) a ƙarni na biyu a kimiyar kwamfuta. Taransisto an ƙirƙiro shi ne a shekarar 1947, amma ba a yi amfani da shi ba ga kwamfuta har sai da shekarar 1950 ta shuɗe. Taransisto yana da girma fiye da (vacuum tubes), kuma ya ba da dama ga kwamfuta ta zama ƙarama, ta zama mai sauri, sauƙi da kuma ƙarfi sosai wajen gudanar da aiki da dogaro da kai fiye da kwamfutocin da suka gabata a ƙarni na farko.
Ta hanyar Taransisto har wayau yana haifar da zafi mai tsanani dake iya zama sanadiyar kwamfuta ta lalace. Yana kuma iya ba da sarari da ingantawa ga (vacuum tube).
Ƙarni na biyu na kwamfuta ya tashi daga yaren injin (Cryptic binary) zuwa (symbolic) ko yaren (assembly), wanda ke ba da damar masu shiryawa su iya gane bayanai a rubuce ko cikin kalma. Babban matsayi na (programming language) har ila yau yana nan yana ƙasancewa, tare da matuƙar samun cigaba a wannan lokaci. Misali na kusakusan nan na COBOL da FORTRAN. Wannan shinan akwai su ga kwamfutucin farko da ke iya adana bayanan su a cikin ƙwaƙwalensu, wanda ke matsawa daga (magnetic drum) zuwa ga kimiyar (magnetic core).
Kwamfotucin farko na wannan ƙarnin, waɗanda suka samu cigaba daga (Atomic energy Industry).

2.4.2Ƙarni na Uku ya fara daga shekarar 1964 zuwa 1971 an yi amfani da (Integrated Circuits)   
Kimiyar (intergrated circuit) ta faru ne a ƙarni na uku na kwamfuta.
A cigaba da hadden kewaye (circuite) shi ne hallmark na karni na uku na na’ura mai kwakwalwa. Inda aka yi (miniaturized) na (transistors) aka saka shi a (silicon chips) ana ce masa (semiconductors) wanda (drastically) ya ke kara sauri da (efficiency) kazarkazar na kwamfuta.
Mai makon (punched cards da printouts) da mai amfani zai mu’amalanta a karni na uku na kwamfuta mai makon allon rubutu da abin kallo (majigi) ko a ce (monitor) da (interfaced) wanda za a sarrafa kwamfuta da shi ya ba da damar gudanarda dafiyar kumussa daban-daban (applications) a lokaci daya tare da (central program) da zai iya kula da (memory) kwakwalwa. Kwamfutucin farko sun zama (accessible) ga (mass audience) saboda su kanana ne kuma masu arha ne fiye da (predecessors) dinsu.      
2.4.3Karni na Hudu ya fara daga shekarar (1971 zuwa yanzu) an yi amfani da (Microprocessors)
Shi dai (microprocessor) shi ya zo a karni na hudu na kwamfuta tare da bubban (integrated circuits) inda aka gina shi daga (silicon chip) guda daya. Wanda tun daga karni na farko da aka cika a cikin dakuna sai gashi a yanzu a cikin tafin hannu. Shi kuma (Intel 4004 chip) an fitar dashi a shekarar 1971, ya kunshi duk wani abu na kwamfuta daga (central processing unit) da (memory) da za a shigar ko a fitar a kuma kiyaye shi a (single chip).
A shekarar 1981 IBM ya gabatar da kwamfutar shi ta farko don amfanin masu aiki gida haka kuma a shekarar 1984 Apple sun gabatar da (Macintosh). Microprocessors ya fito a (realm of desktop computers) sannan a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban na rayuwa a matsayin cigaban da ake ta samu na (products) da suke amfani da (microprocessors).
Da haka kananan kwamfutuci suka zama mafi karfi, zasu iya haduwa tare su hada (networks) wanda zai jagoranci cigaban (internet). Haka kuma Karni na uku na kwamfuta ya zo da cigaba na GUIs, da linzamin kwamfuta da (handheld devices).   
2.4.4Karni na Biyar ya fara daga shekarar (Yau zuwa nan gaba) an yi amfani da (Artificial Interlligence) 1984-1990
Kwamfuta ta karni na biyar ta ta’allaka akan wadansu sanadarai na fasahar dan adam watau (artificial interlligence).
Amfani da makamashi wadanda sautin waya ko wutar lantarki ke iya shiga su wuce (super conductors) ya taimaka daga wajen cimma wannan buri.
Manufar wannan karni na biyar ya hada da habaka wannan karni da na’urori wadan da zasu iya gane kowane yare idan ya ratsasu tare da gane abin day a wuce na yare kai tsaye. 


2.5 GAME DA KARNI NA SHIDA

1990 – zuwa nan gaba: Game da dukkanin wadan nan canje canje da aka samu na wannan ya maye gurbin wancan na Kimiyyar Kwamfuta, wasu canje-canje ba dai-dai suke tafiya ba, suna a duk lokacin da aka samu wani sabon canjin kimiyya ko aka samu wani cigaba, za a samu cewa ansami wasu canje-canje da dama. Akwai wasu abubuwa da ba a canjawa saboda anyi basa neman wani canji. A wannan zamani da muke ciki, wannan transition daga wannan lokaci zuwa wani lokaci ya kyautata, dalili kuwa shi ne kawai a cikin (retrospect) saboda dayawa daga cikinsu suna samun cigaba ne a sannu sannu har sukai lokaci da za a kaddamar da na’urar. A wannan karni na Kimiyyar Kwamfuta ya yi matukar alaka da (parallel computing) da da yawa daga shiyoyin cigaba sun sheda a cikin wannan shiyar, daga cikin dukkan biyu na abubuwan da ake iya gani a tabasu da (hardware part) da kuma a cikin mafi kyauwun fahimta na sanin yanda za a samu ci gaba a algorithms don a yi cikakkiyar amfana da massive parallel architectures.  


Ta hanyar na’urar vector ta na (equally) a cikin aiki, tana kuma (speculated) da cewar halin da tare a cikin zai ci gaba da samun dauki daga na’uarar parallel. Bugu da kari, akwai da yawa daga na’urorin da suke harhade da parallel vector architectures. Fujisu Corporation yana shiryeshiryen kera wata na’ura wacce ta ke dauke da sama da vector 200 na kwakwalwa (processors). wata manufa kuma ga wannan karni na shida shi ne zata yi (attain Teraflops) da sauransu. Zata yi aiki sau goma na arithmetic a cikin dakika daya sannan kuma wannan zai samu ne ta hanyar kirkiro na’ura mai dauke da sama da kwakwalwa dubu daya. A halin yanzu, kwakwalwar an kirkirata hade da RISC, pipelining da kwakwalwar parallel.

Kimiyyar sadauwa (networking technology) na ta karuwa da samun cigaba, daya daga cikin mafi zama (conspicuous) girma na a wannan karnin na shida na kimiyyar kwamfuta shine WAN. Domin Regional network, T1 shine tsayayye kuma kashin bayan (national), amfani da T3 don ayi hada regional newtworks. A karshe dai wanda shi ne (rapid) samun cigaba da kuma samun mafi girman matsayi tabbatacce na abinda ya shafi kimiyyar kwamfuta mafi rinjaye (indebted) zuwa ga legislations biyu. Kawai kamar misalin rahoton Lax na shekarar 1982, mafi shaharar (performance computing act of 1991, information insfrastructure, da kuma kimiyyar act of 1992 na da (strengthened da tabbacin samun (scope) na mafi yawan aiki (performance computing) shi dai tsohon ya tabbatar da gabatarda mafi girman (performance computer da communications programming (HPCCP) da the leter ta tilasta tabbatatuwar samun leading edge technologies ya samu ga (academicians) right from kindergarten up to graduation level. Har zuwa kammalawarsu.